Today's topic will be an Anthropological look at religion. This is not coming as seemingly out of nowhere as you might think; there is a rather fascinating debate going on at
Simply Put, the blog belonging to my step-father. Since what I have to say is rather lengthy and not entirely on the same topic as his discussion, I decided to post my own blog rather than simply comment.
One of the basic premises of anthropology is something called
functionalism. Functionalism arose in the 1920s and basically asks what the function of any given thing is to a society. That is, what culturally defined needs does the item or concept in question satisfy? This is often used in anthropology in combination with, or in opposition to,
structuralism which asks how the meaning of that item/concept is produced.
A quite well-known anthropologist,
Bronislaw Malinowski, did a significant amount of study on the function of religion, among other things. According to Malinowski, religion is a social process which helps to order and to give coherence to society and which provides its members with meaning, unity, peace of mind and the degree of control over events they believe possible. This social process is the instituted development of interaction among members of a society, and between them and the universe as conceived of in their cosmology. The functions of religion, then, are:
1) Validation of the social orderIn the simplest of terms, the rituals involved in religious acts heighten solidarity among society's members. It is what, by and large, all societies base their legal, social, and economic systems upon. It brings people together under a common belief system, and by that I don't mean just faith-based belief, but a system of shared values and morals. It lends a type of morality and structure to an otherwise catastrophic type of existence.
2) Explanation for existenceEvery human has to struggle with the question of who they are, why they are here, and what their life's purpose is. Religion offers a way to deal with these questions that gives meaning to the individual and to their society.
3) Reinforcement of our ability to copeReligion allows believers a way to ease out of the pains of life and explain the questions as to there exists pain/death/starvation/etc. It takes the responsibility for these things out of the individual's and society's locus of control and gives them hope and reassurance. It puts a stop to the psychological damage humans could cause themselves were they to become obsessed with the feeling that they needed to explain and stop these things from occurring.
The one term that kept popping into my head while I read the comments debating back and forth over atheism vs Christianity was this:
essentialism. Essentialism is "a theory which stresses indispensable conceptual characteristics and relations of things as opposed to existence as particular experienced actuality" (lecture by Walsh: 2004). To boil either atheism or Christianity down to a set of characteristics is to miss out on the most important feature: the experience of belief. Each individual member within either of these circles will have their own system of beliefs that will both simultaneously agree and disagree with the general consensus of what their respective belief groups should honour as truth. It is thereby futile to argue over the validity of any individual's beliefs based on the characteristic beliefs of their religious (or non-religious) group.
It must not only be asked "what does this individual's religion believe?", but "what does this individual believe of their religion, what have they rejected of their religion, and why?". It is specifically in the
why aspect that we come to the most interesting and stimulating parts of the equation.
Now, in response to Q's original question, which I feel was rather overlooked in the comment section: "When science fails, then what?"
When science fails, the victim is thrown into a dark place. They have to face the questions of "why is this happening to me?" and "why now?". They lose their ability to cope. They lose hope.
To me, the obvious solution is to turn to religion, in whatever form it may take in the society the person happens to live in, simply based on the 2nd and 3rd functions of religion as stated previously. Religion can once again put a sense of understanding and control into the hands of the victim - if not control over their own fate, at least control over their emotional state. Religion, by offering an explanation for existence, also offers an explanation for the loss of existence (death).
I believe that if a patient believes that science has failed them, they should be allowed to return to their own religious practices, and alternative healing. Furthermore, I believe that the patient should have the right to refuse scientific healing all together in preference for alternative. This should be the perogative of the ill, and should not be left to anyone else to tamper with. Nor should anyone else be punished for their inability to cure, assuming they did their best and it is what the patient truly wished to undergo. Isn't this akin to what the
Good Samaritan Act is all about? Given, the act specifically refers to emergency treatment, but isn't the underlying principle the same? If someone tries, at the request of another, to provide healing, even if they fail, should they not be protected from lawsuits? I was appalled that the priest was charged.